Music and the Counterculture free essay sample

Even popular music groups in Saigon began to perform the latest rock hits. The fusion of American music with Vietnamese bands was exactly what the event was all about; peace, love, and rock n roll. There were American bands that were making popular music prior to 1 965 such as Bob Dylan, Joan Base, Janis Joplin, the Byrd, and others. These artists began to make music that protested the poor choices the government was making about handling the major events in America and the world. The Civil Rights Movement was still going on and tensions were rising.In 1 963, a major campaign was being held in Birmingham, Alabama where there were nonviolent protestors on one hand and police with clubs, fire hoses, and dogs on the other. Seeing these events, the movement really gained support from hose sympathetic to their cause. 5 However, this is just one example of police brutality on a harmless crowd. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and the Counterculture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dylan wrote an album called, Times They Are a-changing in which he writes Of his political views concerning segregation and unjust acts of violence and murder against African American citizens. Violence was also increasing in the Vietnam War. Credence Clearwater Revival took a personal hit when lead singer, John Foggier and drummer, Doug Clifford were drafted into the military in 1966 (however, his time in the service inspired the song Fortunate Son that depicted the view of the draft, which was released in 1969). The Byrd covered a song in 1 965 that was written in 1962 by Pete Serge called Turn! Turn! Turn! The song talks about how there is a time and place for everything, including war and peace.The third verse portrays their view the best: a time of love, a time of hate/a time of war, a time of peace/a time you may embrace/a time to refrain from embracing. 7 A lot of people already shared this belief, but this song put it into music, spreading it to those who did not see things this way. Music began to expand and bloom starting in 1964. The British Invasion began when The Beetles came over from the UK, bringing Battlement with hem. They not only ushered in a new type of style for the world, in clothing, hairstyles, and music, they also brought with them the obsession and fan craze they experienced in the ASK.In the midst of Battlement, Deed Sullivan traveled to London and saw the craze firsthand in 1 963, before the Beetles came to the US. Upon his return to New York, Deed Sullivan set up a meeting with the manager for the Beetles to have them appear on the show, arranging three show appearances. 8 These appearances led to more public knowledge of the Beetles in the US, the beginning of Battlement in the US, and to the ginning of the British Invasion. A multitude of British bands followed the Beetles to the US; Led Zeppelin, the Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, the Who, the Zombies, the Kinks, Ten Years After, and so many more.Different styles were brought to America and brought out different genres in American bands as well. Jefferson Airplane, the Doors, the Grateful Dead, Jim Hendrix, and others began to develop a new style of music they called psychedelic rock or acid rock, named for the influence of drugs, especially acid, and the trip they took while listening to the music. Pink F-Lloyd became one of these bands s well. Led Zeppelin brought in a style ofharder rock, the Who brought in a new style of punk rock, in the late sixties, Black Sabbath brought metal to America.While many bands were bringing in a new genre, quite a few were conforming to popular American artists style. The Zombies and Ten Years After started making protest/hippie music, the Rolling Stones were performing songs that sounded like a mixture of a Led Zeppeli n-like sound and a Beetles-like sound. Some American bands took a stronger and hard rock type of sound to protest songs. Janis Joplin used her strong voice to bring rock edge to the psychedelic band Big Brother and the Holding Company.Credence Clearwater Revival, upon the return of their band mates, began to use the harder edge to rock to write about their experiences and their view on politics. So many different sounds and styles were being played around the US, it created a musical revolution. Then, in 1967, what seemed like the pinnacle of rock at the time, the Beetles released the album SST. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. It is said that Brian Wilson, bass-player and songwriter of the Beach Boys, heard the album and wept9 for he knew that the Beetles had won. It seemed as though the intensity in music was growing as the unrest in America was growing. There were so many men that were dodging the draft. Over 200,000 were accused of draft offenses. 10 Some men went out to burn their draft papers in public, others went underground or escaped to Canada. These protests of the draft spurred many to join the hippie movement. Many disapproved of their lifestyle of sex, drugs, and peace. Of course the hippies were always glad of chances to shock the bourgeoisie, which made them seem more depraved than they were. 1 1 All of this built up to what was called the Summer of Love in 1967. Unfortunately, the sharing of drugs and free love led to many disease related deaths. Hippies were easy targets for people, even though they had no material possessions. They became victims to muggings, rape, assaults, and even murder. By October of 1 967, the Summer of Love was over and many of the students returned to school. Although it wasnt that easy to kill the lifestyle and many people moved to communes where they could live this lifestyle forever.It seemed as though the hippie movement was dying down, but then the Et Offensive was enacted in 1 968 when the Viet Congo broke the ceasefire and ride to gain land. This broke out in a large battle into the war. Although this was a technical victory for the US (as the Viet Congo gained no territory in the attack), it was not viewed favorably by the public. National leaders had sold the war as everything but won, and this fight broke out, proving them wrong and worrying the nation. Even newscasters were shaken. Walter Coronate asked, What the hell is going on? Hough we were winning this war. 1 2 Other outlets of media also printed their distrust and distaste. This unrest filtered down into the public and soon Johnson was seen as a liar and a allure. Chants by students were filling his head: Hey, hey, LB], how many kids did you kill today? When Johnson announced he would not accept the nominations for a further term, people rejoiced thinking there would be an end to the bloodshed. However, that end would not come for years. The greatest culmination and example of the countercultures movement and music was the Woodstock Music festival in 1969.The festival had high hopes of congregating everyone in the nation who believed in peace to create a new society. After long debates with the city, the people around, security, etc. Everything was finally settled and the festival was to be held in Bethel, New York. Even before it began, it was a huge mess. Staff grew from 200 to 750 as emergency personnel flocked to the festival, water and food soon on short supply, the first band was hours late because of traffic, and there were at least 300 cases involving adverse drug reactions all of whom flocked toe the medical tents. 3 Despite this, drugs were considered a fundamental part of the Woodstock experience. By day 2, between 300,000 and 1. 5 million people were at the festival-14 Theres no way to tell for sure since the getting system was proven useless. Due to the lack of space, food, and water, everyone began sharing everything, including drugs and sexual partners. But rather than responding in jealousy, many just thought of this as the ending of the old world and the beginning of a new. Rain on the third day caused problems for performers, but seemed to just fuel the crowd more. Mel Lawrence, a Woodstock festival goers, said, the rain created something that nothing else couldve done. What it did was, it equalized everybody at that festival. Everybody was full of mud, everybody was wet, everybody was cold, everybody was together. Everybody experienced the same thing at the same time and had to make it work I thank the Lord for that rain. 1 5 After much delay, the final artist (Jim Hendrix, who was supposed to play the day before but was delayed), played on Monday morning to the few thousand that remained.When he finished, Woodstock was over. In retrospect, it was a fairly peaceful festival; there were only three deaths (one from heroin overdose, one from a burst appendix, and one from a tractor running over a man in his sleeping bag), there were 2 births, and no reported violence. Woodstock was viewed in two ways; as the peak Of the countercultures evolution that just furthered the knowledge that so many people had the same views as others, or a cultist following adjust wallowed in the cesspool created by drug-fueled hippies.After Woodstock, the movement lost some of the most influential artists such as Janis Joplin, Jim Hendrix, Jim Morrison, and the Beetles (who broke up). Nixon was now in office, but the war was far from over. As the sixties began to end, hippie seemed to be a dying breed, but there were still so me that thrived and protested through the seventies. Even today, there are still some hippies that live in the nation. The music of the enervation stayed and became an example for many, many bands to follow and also spurred the creation of other genres and sub-genres. It is impossible to imagine the ass in the United States without rock n roll. The music and now the lyrics were sometimes the backdrop but often the inspiration as well for love-ins, sit-ins, demonstrations, the destruction of draft cards, tuning in, turning on, and taking off. 16 The music of the sixties is characterized by the counterculture and vice versa. During one of the most controversial times in American history, music was there to help guide the nation through their feelings and thoughts. Bibliography Latherer, Glenn. All Shook Up: How Rock n Roll Changed America.

Balance Answer Essay Example

Balance Answer Essay Example Balance Answer Paper Balance Answer Paper A company provides its advertising agency with a statement about a new product to use In designing an advertising campaign, and this statement Includes a description of the target market, the product type, the primary benefits of using the reduce, and how this product Is different from, and better than, competitive products. What type of statement Is this? A. Qualifying B. Positioning C. Determining D. Clustering Answer B Materials on the concept: Product Management and New-product Development 3. The sales analysis of a product revealed that profits were highest when it was initially introduced into the market with a high selling price. However, the price was gradually reduced as it started facing competition as substitutes entered the market. This is an example of a(n) A. Introductory price dealing B. Emperors price cut policy C. Skimming price policy D. Penetration price policy Answer C Promotion?illumination to Integrated Marketing Communications Top of Form 4. Blending the firms promotion efforts to convey a complete and consistent message Is the goal of A. Ales management communications B. Sales promotion communications C. Integrated promotional marketing D. Integrated marketing communications organizational structure Ethical Marketing in a Consumer-oriented World: Appraisal and Challenges Top of Form 5. According to the concept of social responsibility, a firm has a duty to A. Monomaniac regularly with the public B. Place profit above all other considerations C. Place c ustomer satisfaction above all other considerations D. Conduct business in a way that is good for society as a whole, both now and for the future Answer D Firms and the Financial Market 6. All things equal, this will lower the firms cost of capital. D. This will only affect the cost of capital if the firm uses CAMP to compute the cost of equity. Answer C 10. Buying and selling in more than one market to make a reckless profit is called A. Profit minimization B. Arbitrage C. International trading D. This cannot be determined from the above information. Using Supply and Demand 11 . The United States imposes substantial taxes on cigarettes but not on loose tobacco. When the tax on cigarettes went into effect, the demand for home cigarette rolling machines most likely A. Creased, causing the price of cigarette rolling machines to fall and the quantity of machines purchased to fall B. Decreased, causing the price of cigarette rolling machines to rise and the quantity of machines purchased to fall C. Increased, causing the price of cigarette rolling machines to rise and the quantity of machines purchased to rise D. Increased, causing the price of cigarette rolling machines t o rise and the quantity of machines purchased to fall The Short-Run Keynesian Policy Model: Demand-Side Policies Based on this information, we can best conclude that A. The law of demand is invalid B. Despite the increase in price, quantity demanded rose due to some other factor changing C. This situation has nothing to do with the law of demand D. The demand for a college education is positively sloped 17. Economic efficiency is achieved at a particular output level if A. Marginal cost is as low as possible B. Average fixed cost is as low as possible C. Average total cost is as low as possible D. Average variable cost is as low as possible 18. A perfectly competitive firm will be profitable if price at the profit-maximizing quantity is above A. MAC C. TACT D. AFC Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 19. How are goods manufactured in other countries creating Jobs in the United States? A. People whose Jobs were outsourced are now discouraged workers. B. U. S. Firms are specializing in managing the trade of these goods. C. Foreign countries are importing U. S. Natural resources D. People who have lost Jobs have more time to shop and therefore increase demand for goods. Answer B

BBC Documentary Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BBC Documentary Critique - Assignment Example It claims that while making a decision, one is fooled to assume that they have full understanding of the circumstances that lead to their decisions, which, according to the documentary, could not be further from the truth. The documentary, therefore, primarily sets out to show its viewers how to be more rational and how to successfully cope through life’s greatest decision making points. The following is a brief critique of the documentary. In the first instance, there are a group of four young men composed of computer enthusiasts, engineers and rocket scientists who are reportedly brilliant and intelligent in their careers and education, but have all failed to land girlfriends. Garth Sundem comes in to utilize his carefully crafted math equations to solve this (deciding on a girlfriend) and other complex human problems (such as buying the right pair of shoes at the retail store). In every circumstance, Garth weighs intervening factors against each other and calculates each of the friends’ chances of landing their preferred dates at the bar (except for Levi who turns down the technique and opts to go in and pursue his choice without any prior knowledge of his chances) (BBC Horizon, 2009). Garth’s calculations fail, however, as even those who scored the lowest probabilities (41% and 43%) land their dates, but in the end, there is a valuable decision making tip accrued from the whole ordeal. We appreciate t he importance of analyzing a situation beforehand in correct decision making. This is proved by the fact that the ‘ignorant’ Levi was the only one who failed to land their date, as he later reckons that he should have analyzed things better before plunging in. this idea resonates with ideal good decision making strategies and management rules that advocate for proper analysis of a situation before making a rushed choice (Drucker & Maciariello, 2008). In the ensuing gambling

Substance Abuse Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Substance Abuse - Article Example Through the journaling technique, I took down relevant notes on shared information which are deemed crucial to the healing process. As I was attending the meeting, there were different thoughts that crossed my mind, such as (1) how dedicated and committed are the alcoholics and the family members who attended the meeting; (2) do they really see the group (Alcoholic Anonymous) as an effective tool for recovery; (3) how different are the views of new and old members in terms of AA facilitating ways for their recovery; (4) does it help the alcoholics more when family members are present; among others. Initially, the meeting started by the presider announcing relevant events and activities to be participated in by alcoholics, family members and interest guests. Then, during the discussion the presider reminds members of the Twelve Steps which are the guiding principles for recovery. Old alcoholic members who have fully recovered shared their challenges and rewards for undergoing the program; while members were still anxious and apprehensive to share experiences. Every experiences shared were expounded by the preside r where interesting thoughts were emphasized and confirmed through validating experiences of others. I honestly thought that it would be an instrumental contribution to be part of this community as a presider, a coach or mentor to assist people with drinking problems on the road towards

Understanding and interpreting financial data Coursework

Understanding and interpreting financial data - Coursework Example The vast competition and globalization that businesses face today means necessary steps to ensure continuous growth must be put in place. One method of doing this is the analysis of financial ratios. In this case, Bravo Ltd can obtain financial ratios using their latest financial statements and comparing the results with a competing business within the same industry. Alternatively, a business with the best business practice and a good track record is chosen as a benchmark for Bravo Ltd's improvement.It is a tool for interpreting the financial statements to assess financial and management performance. There are several types of financial ratios available that will benefit Bravo Ltd: Liquidity Ratios, Asset Management Ratios, Profitability Ratios and Gearing Ratios. Each ratio is measured differently and used according to the necessary analysis needed. This measures the ability of Bravo Ltd to meet its short-term financial liabilities as they fall due. It is of particular interest if Bravo Ltd wishes to extend its short-term credit facilities. There are two kinds of Liquidity Ratio - Current Ratio and Quick Ratio.Stocks are excluded in the calculation because stocks may include items that have uncertain liquidation values. Ideally, a ratio of 2 is considered safe for the former while a ratio below 1 is recommended for the latter.This measures how well Bravo Ltd utilizes its assets for the benefit of its business. Having a sound ratio will ensure that Bravo Ltd is better received by would-be investors. We will look at Inventory Turnover, Receivables Turnover, Average Collection Period and Fixed Asset Turnover. Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory Receivables Turnover = Credit Sales / Accounts Receivables Average Collection Period = 365 / Receivables Turnover Fixed Asset Turnover = Sales / Fixed Assets Generally, a high turnover ratio is preferred. 2.3 Profitability Ratio There are several ratios available that can measure the ability of Bravo Ltd to generate profits from its sales. These include Gross Profit Margin, Return on Assets and Return on Equity. Gross Profit Margin = (Sales - Cost of Goods Sold) / Sales Return on Assets = Net Income / Total Assets Return on Equity = Net Income / Shareholders' Equity A good profit margin is essential in any form of business to ensure there is always enough cash to run its operations. Thus, it is also important that receivables are collected on a timely basis. 2.4 Gearing Ratio This assesses the financial risk of Bravo Ltd. A high gearing ratio poses risks if Bravo Ltd is unable to meet its financial obligations as this can very well lead to bankruptcy. Therefore, it is important that this is constantly monitored. The ratio is used is Debt to Equity Ratio. 3 FINDINGS RATIO 2007 ('000) 2008 ('000) Working Result Working Result Current Ratio 1770 / 560 3.16 2490 / 840 2.96 Quick Ratio 1770 - 930 / 560 1.50 2490 - 1250 / 840 1.48 Inventory Turnover 3020 / 1770 1.71 4550 / 2490 1.83 Receivables Turnover 4940 / 820 6.02 6850 / 1230 5.57 Average Collection Period 365 / 6.02 60 Days 365 / 5.57 66 Days Fixed Asset Turnover 4940 / 2600 1.90 6850 / 3210 2.13 Gross Profit Margin 1920 / 4940 39% 2300 / 6850 34% Return on Assets 460 / 4370 11% 450 / 5700 8% Return on Equity 460 / 3810 12% 450 / 4860 9% Debt to Equity 560 / 3810 15% 840 / 4860 17% Our findings show that Bravo Ltd has a good Liquidity Ratio. Its Current Ratio is 2.96 (3.16 in 2007) and its Quick Ratio is 1.48 (1.50 in 2007). This means Bravo Ltd is more than able to generate enough cash to settle its short-term liabilities. There has only been a slight change in its Liquidity Ratio over two years. As a guide, a current

Import Substitution Policy Versus Export Led Growth Strategy

Import Substitution Policy Versus Export Led Growth Strategy The Countries conduct two different strategies for industrialization; import substitution and export promotion for their international trade. Whether to adopt import substitution or export promotion trade strategy is controversial issue throughout the years for the countries. This issue forms a debate between Trade Optimists who support outward looking development policy, which envisages the free trade and free movement of goods and the Trade Pessimists who believe that the company must write its own destiny, and do not cooperate with other countries [Tadora, (2006) p621]. In 1950s and 1960s import substitutors are outweigh this debate by becoming popular in most of the developing countries but after the late 1970s export promoters become more powerful. The both policies have advantages and disadvantages. In this report, I will firstly give some information with respect to these two policies and then critically analyze advantages and disadvantages of these two policies. Import Substitution Low-income countries must industrialize to become more developed; but as they could not compete with already industrialized markets, firstly they have to protect themselves from the imports, which came from already industrialized and highly productive economies and concentrate on their production in order to achieve this goal. [Bruton, (1997) p904]. They have to reach a level, which make them compete with foreign industries in all over the world. Import substitution policy could be defined as putting various barriers to the importation of foreign goods to reduce the countries foreign dependency and providing these goods by producing them domestically [Ray, (1998) p657]. The import substitution policy could be varied among the goods. The capital good and consumers goods are treated differently. Consumer goods had been imported more strictly with the reason the consumer goods could be produced with less cost and the production of the capital good requires more intense capital and more complex technology. [Bruton, (1997) p908]. So mostly developing countries put bans on importation of consumer goods but not capital goods. As stated above, in order to provide import substitution, a protection is required. This protection could be supplied by government intervention. There are several ways to restrict the importation. Firstly, it could be provided by tariffs and quatos. Tariff is the percentage that is applied to the value of and imported item with the resulting sum of money going to the government. In the presence of tariff, the potentials import has been substituted by domestic production [Ray, (1998) p657]. Whereas the quato gives the maximum quantity on a particular good. Above that limit, no more of that good can be imported into the country. The other instrument, which restricts import, is the exchange rate. If the domestic currency will be overvalued, the price of the imported will be high and domestic good will be low [Bruton, (1997) p912]. When the exchange rate is higher, it will be more expensive to purchase foreign product imports. If for example, the government wants to overvalue its currency to make the foreign imports more expensive in domestic market, it may keep the currency from circulation. For example, if we assume that there is a demand of 1 million US Dollar but only the 500 thousand US Dollar has been issued to economy by government. This directly increases the price of US Dollar. It is believed that the import substitution encourages the learning of new techniques of production (as they are afforded with this protection) and the labors skills are improved with the experience, which provides increase in productivity of the firm [Ray, (1998) p669]. Besides this, import substitution strategy in a single industry can also be beneficial in other industry by creating additional demand that shall increase the employment and income. In conformity with these advantages, as per the data obtained by Maddisson (1995), there is an overall positive development (in terms of GDP growth rate, investment rate) in the countries that conduct import substitution policies. However starting from 1960, the negative consequences of import substitution starts to show itself and today it is mostly accepted that import-substituting strategy becomes unsuccessful in most of the countries. In the light of the information gathered from Bruton [(1997) p917]. and Tadora [ (2006) p631], the negative effects of import substitution could be summarized as follows: First of all, the import-oriented industries remain inefficient and costly to operate, as they are not competing with international industries and they do not need to make any research and development. So it is not incorrect to argue that industrialization has been inhibited with this strategy. Since there is inefficiency, the unemployment will automatically will increase within this respect. Secondly, although some industries were conducted with import substitution policy, most of them acquired by foreign companies and they transfer their profits abroad rather than investing them in the domestic industries. Thirdly, the newly established domestic industries specialized for production of consumer goods created a demand for importation of intermediate goods, but the danger is that there appears the need for import of intermediate goods in order to produce final goods inside the country and significant part of the profit transferred to the foreign countries. In addition to this, as the local currency is overvalued, -which increase exports price and decrease the imports- the local farmers become less competitive in the international market. Besides this, since it does not have any interactions with other countries, the country will be less affected in case of global economic crisis. Also, import substitution strategy has a negative effect on exporters. As the exchange rate increases, domestic goods, which are produced in internal industries, become expensive which will detrimentally affect the export. Both the decreasing exports and increasing dependence on foreign intermediate goods makes the trade balance worse. This cycle leads countries to borrow money to overcome their trade deficit. Import substitution strategies were conducted most nations in Latin America from the 1930s until the late 1980s. Over the period, 1949-1964, the total demand in manufacturing was growth significantly [Ray, (1998) p675]. however when the world economy went into recession in the 1970s and 1980s, Latin America went into worst economic crisis because of its foreign debt and it also changed its policy towards export orientation. Export Promotion As the distortions and failure of the import substitution policy is recognized, the export strategy gains importance for the countries. The case of Taiwan and South Korea is significant in this respect [Bruton(1997) p920]. They started to export the goods in 1960s and they remarkably increase their growth from that period. Import substitution is sharply contrasted with outward (export) oriented approach. In the export promotion, primary attention is given to the foreign trade and exports. [Bruton(1997) p904]. Basic goal is to maintain domestic economy to open the foreign capital. Export oriented approach has become popular in last 15 years and many countries has changed their policy from import to export oriented. [Bruton(1997) p905]. Generally rather than the exporting primary products, manufactured products are encouraged by governments of developing countries to be exported. The most of the developing countries have a comparative advantage in such primary products and they do not want to be dependent to other countries [Ray, (1998) p678]. Unlike import substitution, the tariffs and quotas on imports are reduced for exporters in order to encourage exportation. In addition to this, the banks are providing more easy and flexible terms to exporters. Governments can also make some payments to specific products to encourage the export of goods cheaper to foreign consumers and give some exemptions and incentives for those who want to export. According to Bruton [(1997) p924-925], the export-oriented strategy helps Taiwan and South Korea to overcome their balance of payment problems, increase their employment, and improve the knowledge of technology and quality of the product. One obvious benefit of the export promotion is that it provides more visible gains [Ray, (1998) p677]. Because as there is competition in the international market, the goods are provided more cheaply. The allocation of resources could be done more efficiently and the cost of the production will be much more less (Salvatore, Hatcher, 1992). It also increases economic growth and it generates required foreign exchange that can be used to import goods [Tadora (2006) p640]. As the exporters are in the competitive market, they have to improve their quality and they have to conduct research and development studies within this respect. It is argued that although import substitution has more immediate positive effects on economy on the short term, the export promotion has more long run positive effects. [Tadora (2006) p640]. Outward oriented strategy helps country to use its capital for progress by not facing any barriers in relation to payment of debt. As it is stated in above, inward oriented policy is a significant reason why Latin America have faced with debt issue. (Dollar 1992) Although there are significant numbers of empirical result, which proves that there is a correlation between outward oriented strategy and growth rate, as it is more dependent to external factors and foreign countries economies, it can create unexpected results. The success of the export-oriented policy is dependent to foreign demand. In order to form a successful export oriented policy, it is crucial to envisage future demand of such market, the ability of any government to forecast is not totally possible as the information with regards to supply and demand can be vary easily in relation to external factors. In the light of the above information, it is correct to argue that both of the strategies are totally not perfect. The success of the strategy depends fluctuations in the world economy. When the world economy is growing significantly in the period 1960 to 1973, the countries who applied export promotion have more advantages but when the world economy slowed down between the period 1973 to 1977, the countries having import oriented strategy get less effected. It is widely accepted that export oriented economies are more effective when the external demand is high. Besides, the success of the export strategy is changing from country to country. While China benefited from this strategy, Thailand, Indonesia faced a lot of difficulties. In addition to this, it is stated by Todora (2006) that even the most successful East Asian export promoters have pursued import substitution strategy in some of its industries. In other words, export promotion or import substitution policies could not be i mplemented entirely to all industries.

Frederick Douglass Essay -- Biography

Frederick Douglass's Propaganda Behind the Narrative Frederick Douglass, a firm believer in equality, was one of the most influential leaders of the abolitionist movement in America. An ex-slave, Douglass pushed for abolition and brought attention to the subject through his commanding speeches and his powerful writings. Among his writings Douglass published his autobiography "Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave" , which is indeed one of his more famous pieces of work. Although seen as a simple autobiography of his life, the narrative includes a strong abolitionist message that would aim to change the northern audience's view on southern slaveholders. Douglass knew changing the north's view on the subject would create an anti=slavery majority, and with that bring abolition even closer. Douglass used his life story as a disguised propaganda device to promote and drive the abolition movement among northerners. Before Douglass begins his life story , the preface written by Wm. Lloyd Garrison, prepares the reader for the abolitionist message that is really behind Douglass's Narrative. The preface focuses on Garrison's admiration for Douglass and his cause. He describes hearing Douglass speak for the first time and states "I think I never hated so intensely as at that moment..."(2065). Garrison also demonstrates how persuading and devoted to abolition Douglass is by writing "..if Mr. Douglass could be persuaded to consecrate his time and talents to the promotion of the anti-slavery enterprise, a powerful impetus would be given to it, and a stunning blow..inflicted on northern prejudice against a colored complexion."(2066). To further establish the abolition message within the text, Garrison asks ... ..., being separated from his mother, how the slaves were treated like animals, and the brutal punishments and killings without justice. Douglass also expected to place a black mark on southern slave holders by telling us how they had affairs with the slaves and used religion as support for their actions. Using his narrative as a mask for his propaganda message, Frederick Douglass worked to make his northern audience feel distanced, and feel great anger towards the southern slave owners. The themes he used as propaganda: family, foul treatment, cruel punishment, and the false use of religion, were all subjects that northerners held to their heart. Douglass understood this and realized if he demonstrated how the slave owners were contradicting those beloved values, he could make a great impact and recruit a large support for the abolition movement.

Data Warehouses & Data Mining

DATA WAREHOUSES & DATA MINING Term-Paper In Management Support System [pic] Submitted By:Submitted To: Chitransh NamanAnita Ma’am A22-JK903Lecturer 10900100MSS ABSTRACT :- Collection of integrated, subject-oriented, time-variant and non-volatile data in support of managements decision making process. Described as the â€Å"single point of truth†, the â€Å"corporate memory†, the sole historical register of virtually all transactions that occur in the life of an organization.A fundamental concept of a data warehouse is the distinction between data and information. Data is composed of observable and recordable facts that are often found in operational or transactional systems. At Rutgers, these systems include the registrar’s data on students (widely known as the SRDB), human resource and payroll databases, course scheduling data, and data on financial aid. In a data warehouse environment, data only comes to have value to end-users when it is organized and p resented as information.Information is an integrated collection of facts and is used as the basis for decision-making. For example, an academic unit needs to have diachronic information about its extent of instructional output of its different faculty members to gauge if it is becoming more or less reliant on part-time faculty. [pic] INTRODUCTION :- â€Å"The data warehouse is always a physically separate store of data transformed from the application data found in the operational environment†. Data entering the data warehouse comes from operational environment in almost every case.Data warehousing provides architectures and tools for business executives to syste-matically organize ,understand ,and use their data to make stragetic decisions. A large number of organizations have found that data warehouse systems are valuable tools in today’s competive,fast-evolving world. In the last several years ,many firms have spent millions of dollars in building enterprise wide da ta warehouses. Many people feel that with competition mounting in every industry ,data warehousing is the latest must have marketing weapon –a way to keep customers by learning more about their needs.Data warehouses have been defined in many ways,making it difficult to formulate a rigorous definition. Loosely speaking , a data warehouse refers to a database that is maintened separately from an organization,s operational databases. Data warehouse systems allow for integration of a variety of applications systems . They support information processing by providing a solid platform of consolidated historical data for analysis. Data warehousing is a more formalised methodology of these techniques.For example, many sales analysis systems and executive information systems (EIS) get their data from summary files rather then operational transaction files. The method of using summary files instead of operational data is in essence what data warehousing is allabout. Some data warehousin g tools neglect the importance of modelling and building a datawarehouse and focus on the storage and retrieval of data only. These tools might havestrong analytical facilities, but lack the qualities you need to build and maintain a corporatewide data warehouse.These tools belong on the PC rather than the host. Your corporate wide (or division wide) data warehouse needs to be scalable, secure, openand, above all, suitable for publication. NEED OF DATA WAREHOUSE :- Missing data: Decision support requires historical data which operational DBs do not typically maintain Data Consolidation: DS requires consolidation (aggregation, summarization) of data from heterogeneous sources: operational DBs, external sources Data quality: Different sources typically use inconsistent data representations, codes and formats which have to be reconciled. pic] DATA WAREHOUSE ARCHITECTURE :- [pic] Components :- †¢ OPERATIONAL DATA WAREHOUSE ( for the DW is supplied from mainframe operational data he ld in first generation hierarchical and network databases, departmental data held in proprietary file systems, private data held on workstaions and private serves and external systems such as the Internet, commercially available DB, or DB assoicated with and organization’s suppliers or customers †¢ OPERATIONAL DATABASE( is a repository of current and integrated operational data used for analysis.It is often structured and supplied with data in the same way as the data warehouse, but may in fact simply act as a staging area for data to be moved into the warehouse †¢ LOAD MANAGER ( also called the frontend component, it performance all the operations associated with the extraction and loading of data into the warehouse. These operations include simple transformations of the data to prepare the data for entry into the warehouse WAREHOUSE MANAGER ( performs all the operations associated with the management of the data in the warehouse. The operations performed by this c omponent include analysis of data to ensure consistency, transformation and merging of source data, creation of indexes and views, generation of denormalizations and aggregations, and archiving and backing-up data. †¢ QUERY MANAGER( also called backend component, it performs all the operations associated with the management of user queries.The operations performed by this component include directing queries to the appropriate tables and scheduling the execution of queries. . END-USER ACCESS TOOLS( can be categorized into five main groups: data reporting and query tools, application development tools, executive information system (EIS) tools, online analytical processing (OLAP) tools, and data mining tools. DATA MART :- It is a subset of a data warehouse that supports the requirements of particular department or business function.The characteristics that differentiate data marts and data warehouses include: †¢ a data mart focuses on only the requirements of users associated with one department or business function †¢ as data marts contain less data compared with data warehouses, data marts are more easily understood and navigated †¢ data marts do not normally contain detailed operational data, unlike data warehouse. pic] META DATA:- Metadata is about controlling the quality of data entering the data stream. Batch processes can be run to address data degradation or changes to data policy. Metadata policies are enhance by using metadata repositories. IMPORTANCE OF META DATA :- The integration of meta-data, that is †data about data† †¢ Meta-data is used for a variety of purposes and the management of it is a critical issue in achieving a fully integrated data warehouse †¢ The major purpose of meta-data is to show the pathway back to where the data began, so that the warehouse administrators know the history of any item in the warehouse †¢ The meta-data associated with data transformation and loading must describe the source data and any changes that were made to the data †¢ The meta-data associated with data management describes the data as it is stored in the warehouse †¢ The meta-data is required by the query manager to generate appropriate queries, also is associated with the user of queries †¢ The major integration issue is how to synchronize the various types of meta-data use throughout the data warehouse. The challenge is to synchronize meta-data between different products from different vendors using different meta-data stores †¢ Two major standards for meta-data and modeling in the areas of data warehousing and component-based development-MDC(Meta Data Coalition) and OMG(Object Management Group) †¢ a data warehouse requires tools to support the administration and management of such complex enviroment. †¢ for the various types of meta-data and the day-to-day operations of the data warehouse, the administration and management tools must be capable of supportin g those tasks: †¢ monitoring data loading from multiple sources data quality and integrity checks †¢ managing and updating meta-data †¢ monitoring database performance to ensure efficient query response times and resource utilization. [pic] [pic] DATA WAREHOUSING PROCESSES :- The process of extracting data from source systems and bring it into the data warehouse is commonly called ELT, which stands for extraction, transformation, and loading. In addition, after the data warehouse (detailed data) is created, several data warehousing processes that are relevant to implementing and using the data warehouse are needed, which include data summarization, data warehouse maintenance. Extraction in Data Warehouse :-Extraction is the operation of extracting data from a source system for future use in a data warehouseenvironment. This is the first step of the ETL process. After extraction, data can be transformed and loaded into the data warehouse. Extraction process does not ne ed involve complex algebraic database operations, such as join and aggregate functions. Its focus is determining which data needs to be extracted, and bring the data into the data warehouse, specifically, to the staging area. The data has to be extracted normally not only once, but several times in a periodic manner to supply all changed data to the data warehouse and keep it up-to-date.Thus, data extraction is not only used in the process of building the data warehouse, but also in the process of maintaining the data warehouse. Every often, entire documents or tables from the data sources are extracted to the data warehouse or staging area, and the data completely contain whole information from the data sources. There are two kinds of logic extraction methods in data warehousing. Full Extraction :- The data is extracted completely from the data sources. As this extraction reflects all the data currently available on the data source, there is no need to keep track of changes to the data source since the last successful extraction. The source data will be provided as-is and no additional logic information is necessary on the source site. Incremental Extraction :-At a specific point in time, only the data that has changed since a well-defined event back in history will be extracted. The event may be the last time of extraction or a more complex business event like the last sale day of a fiscal period. This information can be either provided by the source data itself, or a change table where an appropriate additional mechanism keeps track of the changes besides the originating transaction. in most case, using the latter method means adding extraction logic to the data source. For the independence of data sources, many data warehouses do not use any change-capture technique as part of the extraction process, instead, use full extraction logic.After full extracting, the entire extracted data from the data sources can be compared with the previous extracted data to identify the changed data. Unfortunately, for many source systems, identifying the recently modified data may be difficult or intrusive to the operation of the data source. Change Data Capture is typically the most challenging technical issue in data extraction. [pic] DATA MINING :- Data Mining is the process of discovering new correlations, patterns, and trends by digging into (mining) large amounts of data stored in warehouses, using artificial intelligence, statistical and mathematical techniques. Data mining can also be defined as the process of extracting knowledge hidden from large volumes of raw data i. e. he nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data. The alternative name of Data Mining is Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge extraction, data/pattern analysis, etc. The importance of collecting data thai reflect your business or scientific activities to achieve competitive advantage is widely recog nized now. Powerful systems for collecting data and managing it in large databases are in place in all large and mid-range companies. [pic] How Data Mining Works :- While large-scale information technology has been evolving separate transaction and analytical systems, data mining provides the link between the two.Data mining software analyzes relationships and patterns in stored transaction data based on open-ended user queries. Several types of analytical software are available: statistical, machine learning, and neural networks. Generally, any of four types of relationships are sought: Classes: Stored data is used to locate data in predetermined groups. For example, a restaurant chain could mine customer purchase data to determine when customers visit and what they typically order. This information could be used to increase traffic by having daily specials. Clusters: Data items are grouped according to logical relationships or consumer preferences. For example, data can be mined t o identify market segments or consumer affinities.Associations: Data can be mined to identify associations. The beer-diaper example is an example of associative mining. Sequential patterns: Data is mined to anticipate behavior patterns and trends. For example, an otitdoor equipment retailer could predict the likelihood of a backpack being purchased based on a consumer's purchase of sleeping bags and hiking shoes. DATA MINING MODELS :- 1. Predictive Model Prediction a. determining how certain attributes will behave in the future Regression b. mapping of data item to real valued prediction variable Classification c. categorization of data based on combinations of attributes Time Series analysis xamining values of attributes with respect to time 2. Descriptive Model Clustering most closely data clubbed together into clusters Data Summarization extracting representative information about database Association Rules associativity defined between data items to form relationship Sequence Di scovery it is used to determine sequential patterns in data based on time sequence of action [pic] APPLICATIONS OF DATA WAREHOUSE :- Exploiting Data for Business Decisions The value of a decision support system depends on its ability to provide the decision-maker with relevant information that can be acted upon at an appropriate time. This means that the information needs to be: Applicable.The information must be current, pertinent to the field of interest and at the correct level of detail to highlight any potential issues or benefits. Conclusive. The information must be sufficient for the decision-maker to derive actions that will bring benefit to the organisation. Timely. The information must be available in a time frame that allows decisions to be effective. Decision Support through Data Warehousing One approach to creating a decision support system is to implement a data warehouse, which integrates existing sources of data with accessible data analysis techniques. An organisati on’s data sources are typically departmental or functional databases that have evolved to service specific and localised requirements.Integrating such highly focussed resources for decision support at the enterprise level requires the addition of other functional capabilities: Fast query handling. Data sources are normally optimised for data storage and processing, not for their speed of response to queries. Increased data depth. Many business conclusions are based on the comparison of current data with historical data. Data sources are normally focussed on the present and so lack this depth. Business language support. The decision-maker will typically have a background in business or management, not in database programming. It is important that such a person can request information using words and not syntax. [pic]The proliferation of data warehouses is highlighted by the â€Å"customer loyalty† schemes that are now run by many leading retailers and airlines. These sc hemes illustrate the potential of the data warehouse for â€Å"micromarketing† and profitability calculations, but there are other applications of equal value, such as: Stock control Product category management Basket analysis Fraud analysis All of these applications offer a direct payback to the customer by facilitating the identification of areas that require attention. This payback, especially in the fields of fraud analysis and stock control, can be of high and immediate value. APPLICATIONS OF DATA MINING:- †¢ Banking: loan/credit card approval †¢ predict good customers based on old customers †¢ Customer relationship management: identify those who are likely to leave for a competitor. †¢ Targeted marketing: †¢ identify likely responders to promotions †¢ Fraud detection: telecommunications, financial transactions †¢ from an online stream of event identify fraudulent events †¢ Manufacturing and production: †¢ automatically adjust knobs when process parameter changes †¢ Medicine: disease outcome, effectiveness of treatments †¢ analyze patient disease history: find relationship between diseases †¢ Molecular/Pharmaceutical: †¢ identify new drugs †¢ Scientific data analysis: †¢ identify new galaxies by searching for sub clusters †¢ Web site/store design and promotion: find affinity of visitor to pages and modify layout. [pic] CONCLUSION :- What we are seeing is two-fold depending on the retailer's strategy: 1) Most retailers build data warehouses to target specific markets and customer segments. They're trying to know their customers. It all starts with CDI – customer data integration. By starting with CDI, the retailers can build the DW around the customer. 2) On the other side — there are retailers who have no idea who their customers are, or feel they don’t need to†¦. the world is their customer and low prices will keep the worldloyal. They use the ir data warehouse to control inventory and negotiate with suppliers.The future will bring real time data warehouse updates†¦with the ability to give the retailer an minute to minute view of what is going on in a retail location†¦and take action either manually or through a condition triggered by the data warehouse data†¦ The future belongs to those who: 1) Possess knowledge of the Customer and 2) Effectively use that knowledge†¦ REFERENCES :- 1. Mining interesting knowledge from weblogs: a survey – Federico Michele Facca, Pier Luca lanzi. http://software. techrepublic. com. com/abstract. aspx http://en. wikipedia. org/ http://msdn. microsoft. com/ Google Books Google Images Google Search www. seminarprojects. com Self =========================================================

Free Essays on Landscape And Geography In “A Passage To India”

The two books chosen for the following essay have been written at an interval of fifty years by two British authors: E.M Forster and R.P. Jhabvala. The first one is E .M Forster’s major work: â€Å"A Passage to India†. Its main focus is the study of two worlds divorced. The second â€Å"Heat and Dust† has made its author Ruth Prawer Jhabvala win the Booker –Prize. In her novel, we get a picture of India by two English women separated by fifty years. Both of the novels present an enigmatic India. This is of a primary importance for the following study as we will try to understand what kind of role the geography and landscape of India play in the novels. First, we will examine the symbolism of the landscape used by the writers of â€Å"A Passage to India† and â€Å"Heat and Dust†. This will then lead us to the second part which tries to show how the Indian setting influences the characters of the novels and especially the Westerners. From the beginning of each book, the reader guesses that the Indian atmosphere is going to play a major role in the novels. The title of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala is literal in that sense: â€Å"Heat and Dust† makes it clear that the hot weather conditions are the causes of the following action. Readers expect that the heat and the dust of India are going to upset a few lives. Forster is also aware that the reader must understand the importance of the Indian atmosphere from the very first few lines. That is why he chooses to devote all the first chapter of his novel at describing the town of Chandrapore. First, he starts by presenting the part of the town inhabited by the natives as a dreary landscape: â€Å"So abased, so monotonous is everything that meets the eye, that when the Ganges comes down it might be expected to wash the excrescence back into the soil. Houses do fall, people are drowned and left rotting, but the general outline of the town persists, welling here, shrinking there, like some low but in... Free Essays on Landscape And Geography In â€Å"A Passage To India† Free Essays on Landscape And Geography In â€Å"A Passage To India† The two books chosen for the following essay have been written at an interval of fifty years by two British authors: E.M Forster and R.P. Jhabvala. The first one is E .M Forster’s major work: â€Å"A Passage to India†. Its main focus is the study of two worlds divorced. The second â€Å"Heat and Dust† has made its author Ruth Prawer Jhabvala win the Booker –Prize. In her novel, we get a picture of India by two English women separated by fifty years. Both of the novels present an enigmatic India. This is of a primary importance for the following study as we will try to understand what kind of role the geography and landscape of India play in the novels. First, we will examine the symbolism of the landscape used by the writers of â€Å"A Passage to India† and â€Å"Heat and Dust†. This will then lead us to the second part which tries to show how the Indian setting influences the characters of the novels and especially the Westerners. From the beginning of each book, the reader guesses that the Indian atmosphere is going to play a major role in the novels. The title of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala is literal in that sense: â€Å"Heat and Dust† makes it clear that the hot weather conditions are the causes of the following action. Readers expect that the heat and the dust of India are going to upset a few lives. Forster is also aware that the reader must understand the importance of the Indian atmosphere from the very first few lines. That is why he chooses to devote all the first chapter of his novel at describing the town of Chandrapore. First, he starts by presenting the part of the town inhabited by the natives as a dreary landscape: â€Å"So abased, so monotonous is everything that meets the eye, that when the Ganges comes down it might be expected to wash the excrescence back into the soil. Houses do fall, people are drowned and left rotting, but the general outline of the town persists, welling here, shrinking there, like some low but in...

feminists perspectives on fema essays

feminists perspectives on fema essays The concept of female criminality is one which has until recently been given very little consideration to in terms of its unique needs and characteristics. Like most areas of research, the study of criminology is one which until recently has been dominated by male researchers which seemed logical in the sense that the majority of crimes committed were by men. Therefore any crimes committed by women were just explained using the theoretical concepts created for men. It is only since the beginning of the 1960s that feminist groups have taken an interest in the roots and causes of crimes committed by women. The reason for this current interest is the realization that crimes committed by women cannot simply be understood using theories created to explain male activities. To explain the phenomena of female criminality, many theoretical perspectives have been put forth. Rather than focusing on physiological and biological causations, which were the main ideologies proposed in the past, contemporary feminist theorist are now analyzing female criminality through an economic and social context. In doing so, feminist criminologists have put forth various theories to serve as an aid in explaining the rise of female criminality in Canada. A very well known criminology theory that was presented by Caesare Lombroso in the late 19th century was the theory of the Female Offender (Bowker, 28). In a time period when women were recognized as individual beings and respected for their needs and rights, Lombroso proposed the theory that female criminality was due to biological abnormalities. He based his research on womens prisons and courts that he had visited and on the measurements he had taken of the womens various body parts. In his findings, Lombroso noted that that the majority of the female inmates had physical abnormalities such as heavy lower jaws, large nasal spines, simple crania...

American History Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History Analysis - Assignment Example The assignment "American History Analysis" talks about the American history study that was captured by the ideas of President Eisenhower and General Marshall who noticed the ill-preparedness of the America’s military armed forces which led to the considerable loss. Fulfillment of the task of protecting the nation required the projection of the army’s preparation past the immediate prospect. They advocated for military preparedness through establishing and maintaining a good defense policy. Modern warfare requires proper planning if the war was to bring forth peace. They both noted the need for peace which was the main objective of the war or conflict. General Marshall came up with ideas which if implemented could help in their defense strategies. He supported President Washington’s program which was for the peace time training or the universal military training of the citizens. The essence of this training was to ensure that in the case of an emergency, the train ed citizens could be recalled to help in the forces. The idea behind this was to create employment opportunities to the trained citizens directly or indirectly in fields related to security. It was noted that technology could not be relied on solely in times of war as the machines required people to operate them. The Axis powers used the strategy of imposing an invisible unpleasant force to win any biased row and to their disadvantage brought out their weaknesses. Marshall also noted that there was a misunderstanding of military preparedness.

Week6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week6 - Assignment Example Healthcare professionals are mainly concerned with saving lives of people and their work is greatly valued which motivate them to work had. Self efficacy is also applicable to the healthcare profession according to the article. People who are sure that they can be successful in their careers are motivated than those who think otherwise. In case of expectancy, motivation is likely to suffer if the employees think that they will not get anything from their efforts. These three components fit very well into the profession of healthcare. Most healthcare workers are motivated at their jobs because they perceive that the work that they do is needed and important. Healthcare workers work to help people feel better- which they must believe is possible if that is what they are trying to achieve. Though healthcare workers are not always rewarded monetarily, many feel rewarded by praise or by knowing that they have helped someone. These are all very important factors for why healthcare professionals seek work in the area that they do and why they would continue to feel motivated in their jobs. I agree that three above mentioned factors fit in well in the healthcare system. First of all, nurses are motivated by the fact that they are regarded as very important in their profession. This influences them to put more effort in their work so that they can continue getting the valuable recognition from different people. Healthcare workers are also motivated by their perceived chances for success. Every individual has specific goals to achieve in his or her career and this is a motivating factor in its own. Lastly, healthcare workers are also motivated by the expectation of gaining a personal reward. Indeed, this is an external factor but it influences the healthcare workers to put more effort in their work when they are aware that they will be rewarded for their efforts. The first component is valance. This is related to